(162) If personal data are processed for statistical purposes, this Regulation should apply to such processing. Union law or Member State law should, within the limits of this Regulation, determine the statistical content, access control, conditions for processing personal data for statistical purposes, and appropriate measures to protect the rights and freedoms of the data subject and guarantee statistical confidentiality. The expression "statistical purposes" means any operation of collecting and processing personal data necessary for statistical research or for compiling statistical results. Statistical results, in turn, may then be used for further purposes, including scientific research. The expression "statistical purpose" implies that the result of processing for statistical purposes is not personal data, but aggregate data, and that this result or these personal data do not serve as the basis for measures or decisions concerning specific individuals.